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ISA
Info Bullets
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ISA: Infectious Salmon Anemia
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HKS:
Hemorrhagic Kidney
Syndrome (Byrne et. al 1998). |
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ISA/HKS-
2 slightly different
disease manifestations caused by apparently the same agent (NB 1997) (Bouchard
et al 1998, Mullins et. al, 1998)
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Cause
of ISA/HKS:
Virus (Orthomyxovirus).
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Fish
species susceptible to virus infection: Wild
and farmed Atlantic salmon(S.salar), sea run brown trout (O.trutta),
rainbow trout (O.mykiss) (Rolland
and Nylund,1998), eel.
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Fish
species susceptible to disease: Atlantic
salmon
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Geographic
Occurrence:
Norway (1984), N.B. Canada (1996), Scotland, Nova Scotia, Canada
(1998), Chile, (1999), Faroe Islands, Maine, U.S.A. (2000).
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Significance:
May cause high
mortality on some salmon farms. Mortality is variable. Mean mortality of
12% over 60 day period,$3%/day
in some cases.
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Appearance
of disease signs: 2-4
weeks after experimental infection
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Disease
signs:
Some fish are lethargic. Few outward signs. Interior lesions are
not always grossly visible but may include hemorrhaging on the kidney and
other organs, swollen eyes, fluid in the body cavity, swelling of kidney,
pale gills, darkening of the posterior gut and swelling of the spleen.
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Parts
of the fish infected: All
parts, especially blood and mucus, as well as other body fluids, muscle,
viscera, trimming, feces (Torgersen,1997 and Rolland and Nylund, 1998).
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Public
health significance: None.
ISAv is a fish virus; it does not replicate in mammalian tissue cells.
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Transmission:
From fish to fish by contact with infected
fish; parts from infected
fish (mucus, blood, viscera, trimmings, muscle, feces), contact with equipment contaminated with parts from infected fish; people
who handled infected fish, fish parts, contaminated equipment or have been
on ISA affected sites.
Sea
lice
can transmit ISAv from infected to susceptible fish. Farms within a
distance of 5 km (3.1. miles)
from infected farms and processing plants handling infected fish without adequate waste
treatment are at a 5 -13 times higher risk of getting ISA.(Jarp and Karlsen,1997). No evidence
of vertical transmission (Melville
and Griffith 1999).
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Survival
of the virus:
Sea and fresh water at 10oC
48 hours (Torgersen,1997)
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Fish
tissue on ice at least 6 days
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Temperature:
113 F (45°C) 5 minutes;
122 F (550C) 1 minute
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pH
4.5 more than 24
hrs.; pH
4.0 at least
8 hrs but less than 24 hrs.
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pH
12 less than 24
hrs.
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NaOCl
50 ppm more than
30 min. ;100 ppm less than 15
min
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UV-dose
(mJ/cm2) less than
20 minutes
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Disinfectants
in processing plants
Waste
water (Norway)
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Heat
60°C
10 min , 70°C
6 min , 80°C
4 min
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Formic
acid pH < 3.5 8
hrs; pH
<4.0 24 hrs
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Sodium
hydroxide pH
>12 24
hrs
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Chem.precipitation
+ Cl2 Initial chlorine 50 ppm, residual >5 ppm
15 min
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Chem.
precipitation + UV light >
25 mJ/cm2
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Bloodwater
( in NB): Sodium
hydrochlorite 1000 ppm
10 hours
Equipment (in NB): Sodium
hypochlorite 1000 ppm, Surface
spray 2000 ppm,
Iodophor 100 ppm
10 min, Surface spray
>200 ppm. Chlorine and iodine are toxic to fish and shellfish,
neutralization with sodium thiosulphate is recommended.
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Control
and Prevention: various
control programs are applied in affected areas which may include
biosecurity, sanitary waste management, effluent disinfection from
processing plants,
year class separation, use of good management practices,
culling of clinically affected populations, use of experimental vaccines
and surveillance. |
ISA/HKS
References
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Anonymus.
1995. International Aquatic Animal Health Code (fish molluscs and
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Anonymus.
1997. A study of options for salmon processing wastewater treatments. New
Brunswick Department of Fisheries and Aquaculture and New Brunswick Salmon
Growers Association. Nov. 25.
Anonymus.
1998. Guidelines for disinfection hygiene standards for aquaculture marine
grow-out operations and associated services to infectious salmon anaemia. New
Brunswick Department of Fisheries and Aquaculture. 04/09/1998
Blake,
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D., Keleher W., Opitz H.M .,Blake S., Edwards K., Nicholson B. and Taylor S.
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Electron microscopy and molecular characterization. HKS Workshop, St. Andrews,
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, J.B., Nylund, A.
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Updated
on November 12, 2000
Questions
or Comments? Send email to Mike Opitz
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