Warming Experiment Publications by Site

 

Abisko Bog

Aerts, R., Cornelissen, J.H.C., van Logtestijn, R.S.P.,  Callaghan, T.V. (2007) Climate change has only a minor impact on nutrient resorption parameters in a high-latitude peatland. Oecologia 151: 132-139

Dorrepaal, E., Aerts, R., Cornelissen, J.H.C., van Logtestijn, R.S.P., Callaghan, T.V. (2006) Sphagnum modifies climate-change impacts on subarctic vascular bog plants. Functional Ecology 20: 31-41

Aerts, R., Cornelissen, J.H.C. and Dorrepaal, E. (2006) Plant performance in a warmer world: general responses of plants from cold, northern biomes and the importance of winter and spring events. Plant Ecology 182: 65-77

Dorrepaal, E., Cornelissen, J.H.C., Aerts, R., Wallen, B., and van Logtestijn, R.S.P. (2005). Are growth forms consistent predictors of leaf litter quality and decomposability across peatlands along a latitudinal gradient? Journal of Ecology 93: 817-828

Aerts, R., Cornelissen, J.H.C., Dorrepaal, E., van Logtestijn, R.S.P. and Callaghan, T.V. (2004) Effects of experimental imposed climate scenarios on flowering phenology and flower production of subarctic bog species. Global Change Biology 10, 1599-1609. 

Dorrepaal, E., Aerts, R., Cornelissen, J.H.C., Callaghan, T.V. and van Logtestijn, R.S.P. (2003). Summer warming and increased winter snow cover affect Sphagnum fuscum growth, structure and production in a sub-arctic bog. Global Change Biology 10: 93-104

BOREAS

Sellers, P., F. Hall, K.J. Ranson, H. Margolis, B. Kelly, D. Baldocchi, G. den Hartog, J. Cihlar, M.G. Ryan, B. Goodison, P. Crill, D. Lettenmaier, and D.E. Wickland, 1995: The Boreal Ecosystem–Atmosphere Study (BOREAS): An Overview and Early Results from the 1994 Field Year. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 76, 1549–1577

Buxton Climate Change Impacts Lab

Thompson K, Masters GJ, Grime JP, Brown VK, Hillier SH, Clarke IP, Askew AP, Corker D, Kielty JP  (2000)  Predicting the response of limestone grassland to climate change.  Aspects of Applied Biology 58: 329-336

Clocaenog (VULCAN) 

Beier, C., Emmett, B., Gundersen, P., Tietema, A., Penuelas, J., Estiarte, M., Gordon, C., Gorissen, A., Llorens, L., Roda, F., and Williams, D.  2004.  Novel approaches to study climate change effects on terrestrial ecosystems in the field - drought and passive night time warming.  Ecosystems  7:583-597.

Emmett, B.A., Beier, C., Estiarte, M., Tietema, A., Kristensen, H.L., Williams, D., Peńuelas, J., Schmidt, I.K., and Sowerby, A.  2004.  The response of soil processes to climate change:  results from manipulation studies across an environmental gradient.  Ecosystems  7:625-637.

Gorissen, A., Tietema, A., Joosten, N.N., Estiarte, M., Peńuelas, J., Sowerby, A., Emmett, B.A., and Beier, C.  2004.  Climate change affects carbon allocation to the soil in shrublands.  Ecosystems  7:650-661.

Llorens, L, Peńuelas, J., Beier, C., Emmett, B.A.; Estiarte, M., and Tietema, A.  2004.  Effects of an experimental increase of temperature and drought on the photosynthetic performance of two Ericaceous shrub species along a north-south European gradient.  Ecosystems  7:613-624.

Peńuelas, J., Gordon, C., Llorens, L., Nielsen, T., Tietema, A., Beier, C., Bruna, P., Emmett, B.A., Estiarte, M., and Gorissen, A.  2004.  Non-intrusive field experiments show different plant responses to warming and drought among sites, seasons and species in a North-South European gradient.  Ecosystems  7:598-612.

Schmidt, I.K., Tietema, A., Williams, D., Gundersen, P., Beier, C., Emmett, B.A., and Estiarte, M.  2004.  Soil solution chemistry and element fluxes in three European heathlands and their responses to warming and drought.  Ecosystems  7:638-649.

Sowerby, A., Emmett, B., Beier, C., Tietema, A., Penuelas, J., Estiarte, M., van Meeteren, M.J.M., Hughes, S., and Freeman, C.  2005.  Microbial community changes in heathland soil communities along a geographical gradient:  interaction with climate change manipulations.  Soil Biology & Biochemistry 37:1805-1813. 

Sowerby, A., Emmett, B.A., Tietema, A., and Beier, C.  Experimental evidence for long term effects of repeated summer drought on soil carbon efflux from different European heathland ecosystems.  Global Change Biology  (in review). 

Wessel, W.W., Tietema, A., Beier, C., Emmett, B.A., Peńuelas, J., and Riis-Nielsen, T.  2004.  A qualitative ecosystem assessment for different shrublands in Western Europe under impact of climate change using the results of the CLIMOOR research project.  Ecosystems  7:662-671.

Ecocells

Verburg, PS J, Larsen J,  Johnson DW,  Schorran DE, Arnone  JA III (2005) Impacts of an anomalously warm year on soil CO2 efflux in experimentally manipulated tallgrass prairie ecosystems Global Change Biology 11 (10), 1720–1732.

Garraf (VULCAN)

Sardans, J., Peńuelas, J., and Estiarte, M.  2007.  Seasonal patterns of root-surface phosphatase activities in a Mediterranean shrubland. Responses to experimental warming and drought.  Biology and Fertility of Soils.  In prep.

Sardans, J., Peńuelas, J., and Estiarte, M.  2006.  Warming and drought alter soil phosphatase activity and soil P availability in a Mediterranean shrubland.  Plant and Soil.  289:227–238.

Riera, P., Peńuelas, J., Farreras, V. and Estiarte, M.  2007.  Valuation of climate change effects on Mediterranean shrublands.  Ecological Applications.  17: 91-100.

Llusia, J., Peńuelas, J., Alessio, G. and Estiarte, M.  2006.  Seasonal contrasting changes of foliar concentrations of terpenes and other VOC in four dominant species of a Mediterranean shrubland submitted to a field experimental drought and warming.  Physiologia Plantarum.  127:632-649.

Lloret, F., Peńuelas, J., and Estiarte, M.  2005.  Effects of vegetation canopy and climate on seedling establishment in Mediterranean shrubland.  Journal of Vegetation Science  16: 67-76.

Sowerby, A., Emmett, B., Beier, C., Tietema, A., Peńuelas, J., Estiarte, M., Maartje, J.M., Van Meeteren, Hughes, S., and Freeman, C.  2005.  Microbial community changes in heathland soil communities along a geographical gradient: interaction with climate change manipulations.  Soil Biology and Biochemistry  37: 1805-1813.

Llorens, L., Peńuelas, J., Estiarte, M., and Bruna, P.  2004.  Contrasting growth changes in two dominant species of a Mediterranean shrubland submitted to experimental drought and warming.  Annals of Botany 94: 843-853.

Filella, I., Peńuelas, J., Llorens, L., and Estiarte, M.  2004.  Reflectance assessment of seasonal and annual changes in biomass and CO2 uptake of a Mediterranean shrubland submitted to experimental warming and drought.  Remote Sensing of Environment  90: 308-318.

Schmidt, I.K., Tietema, A., Williams, D., Gundersen, P., Beier, C., Emmett, B.A., and Estiarte, M.  2004.

Soil solution chemistry and element fluxes in three European heathlands and their responses to warming and drought.  Ecosystems  7: 638-649.

Emmet, B., Beier, C., Estiarte, M., Tietema, A., Kristensen, H.L., Dylan, W., Peńuelas, J., Schmidt, I. and Sowerby, A.  The response of soil processes to climate change: Results from manipulation studies of shrublands across an environmental gradient.  Ecosystems  7: 625-637.

Gorissen, A., Tietema, A., Joonsten, N.N., Estiarte, M., Peńuelas, J., Sowerby, A., Emmet, B. and Beier, C.  2004.  Climate change affects carbon allocation to the soil in shrublands.  Ecosystems  7: 650-611.

Peńuelas, J., Gordon, C., Llorens, L., Nielson, T.R., Tietema, A., Beier, C., Bruna, P., Emmet, B., Estiarte, M. and Gorissen, A.  2004.  Non-intrusive field experiments show different plant responses to warming and drought among sites, seasons and species in a North-South European gradient.  Ecosystems  7: 598-612.

Beier, C., Emmet, B., Gundersen, P., Tietema, A., Peńuelas, J., Estiarte, M., Gordon, C., Gorissen, A., Llorens, L., Roda, F. and Williams, D.  2004.   Novel approaches to study climate change effects on terrestrial ecosystems in the field: drought and passive nighttime warming.  Ecosystems  7: 583-597.

Llorens, L., Peńuelas, J., Beier, C., Emmet, B., Estiarte, M. and Tietema, A.  2004.  Effects of an experimental increase of temperature and drought on the photosynthetic performance of two Ericaceous shrub species along a north-south European gradient.  Ecosystems  7: 613-624.  

Llorens, L., Peńuelas, J. and Estiarte, M.  2004.  Experimental evidence of reduced diversity of seedlings due to climate modification in a Mediterranean-type community.  Global Change Biology 10: 248-258.

Peńuelas, J., Filella, I., Zhang, X., Llorens, L., Ogaya, R., Lloret, F., Comas, P., Estiarte, M. and Terradas, J.  2004.  Complex spatiotemporal phenological shifts as a response to rainfall changes.  New Phytologyst 161:837-846.

Llorens, L., Peńuelas, J. and Estiarte, M.  2003.  Ecophysiological responses of two Mediterranean shrubs, Erica multiflora and Globularia alypum, to experimentally drier and warmer conditions.  Physiologia Plantarum  119:231-243.

Great Dun Fell 

Ineson P, Benham DG, Poskitt J, Harrison AF, Taylor K, Woods C (1998) Effects of climate change on nitrogen dynamics in upland soils. 2. A soil warming study.  Global Change Biology 4 (2), 153–161.

Harvard Forest

Peterjohn WT, Melillo JM, Steudler PA,  Newkirk KM,  Bowles ST,  Aber JD (1994) Responses of trace gas fluxes and N availability to experimentally elevated soil temperatures.   Ecol App  4:617-625

Howland Forest

Rustad LE, Fernandez IJ (1998a)  Experimental soil warming effects on CO2 and CH4 flux from a low elevation spruce fir forest soil in Maine, USA.  Global Change Biology  4:597-607 

Huntington Forest

McHale PJ, Mitchell MJ, Bowles FP (1998)  Soil warming in a northern hardwood forest:  trace gas fluxes and leaf litter decomposition.  Can J For Res  28:1365-1372

ITEX

Marion GM, Bockheim JG, Brown  J (1997) Arctic soils and the ITEX experiment
Global Change Biology 3 (s1), 33–43.

Kiskunsag (VULCAN) 

Bakonyi, Gábor, Nagy, Péter, Kovács-Láng, Edit, Kovács, Eszter, Barabás, Sándor, Répási, Viktória, Seres, Anikó.  2007.  Soil nematode community structure as affected by temperature and moisture in a temperate semiarid shrubland.  Manuscript accepted.

Kovács-Láng, E., Kröel-Dulay, G.,and Rédei T.  2005.  A klímaváltozás hatása a természetközeli erdőssztyepp ökoszisztémákra.(The effects of climate change on forest-steppe ecosystems).  Magyar Tudomány  7:812-817.  (in Hungarian) 

Kovács-Láng, E., Kröel-Dulay, Gy., Kertész, M.,  Fekete, G., Mika, J., Rédei, T., Rajkai, K., Hahn, I., and Bartha, S.  2000.  Changes in the composition of sand grasslands along a climatic gradient in Hungary and implications for climate change.  Phytocoenologia  30(3-4):385-407. 

Kovács-Láng, E., Kröel-Dulay, Gy., Lhotsky, B., and Garadnai, J.  2001.  Ecological effects of climate change in semiarid grasslands.  In: Shuvalov,V.A.et al. (eds.) Biological resources and sustainable development. Proc. of BIORES International Conference, Puschino, NIA Priroda, Moscow.  RU 29.10-02.11.2001.  p. 97-98.  

Kovács-Láng, E., Kröel-Dulay, Gy., Lhotsky, B., and Garadnai, J.  2002.  Indirect and direct approaches in studying the ecological effects of climate change in dry grasslands in Hungary.  In: Durand, J., Emile, J., Huyghe, Ch., and Lemaire, G. (eds.) Grassland Science in Europe, Multi-function grasslands, AFPF, Versailles, France,  Vol. 7.  p. 700-701.  

Kovács-Láng, E., Kröel-Dulay, Gy., Lhotsky, B., Garadnai, J., and Rédei, T.  2002.  The role of drought in the dynamics of semiarid grasslands.  In:  Durand, J., Emile, J., Huyghe, Ch., and Lemaire, G.(eds.) Grassland Science in Europe,  Multi-function grasslands, AFPF, Versailles, France, Vol. 7.  p.798-799.  

Kovács-Láng, E.,  Kröel-Dulay, Gy., Rédei, T., Lhotsky, B., and Garadnai, J.  2006.  The effect of climate change on forest-steppe ecosystems in the Carpathian Basin.  In: Láng, I., Faragó, T., and Iványi, Zs.(eds.)  International Conference on Climate Change: Impacts and Responses in Central and Eastern European Countries, 5-8 November 2005. Pécs,  Conference Proceedings, Published by HAS, MEW and REC,  ISBN 963 508 5192.  p. 294-300. 

Penuelas, J., Prieto, P., Beier, C., Cesaraccio, C., De Angelis, P., de Dato, G., Emmett, B., Estiarte, M., Garadnai, J., Gorissen, A., Kovács-Láng, E., Kröel-Dulay, Gy., Llorens, L., Pellizaro, G., Riis-Nielsen, T., Schmidt, IK., Sirca, C., Sowerby, A., Spano, D., and Tietema, A.  2007.  Response of plant species richness and primary productivity in shrublands along a north-south gradient in Europe to seven years of experimental warming and drought.  Reduction in primary productivity in the heat and drought year of 2003.  Global Change Biology  (in review). 

Abstracts

Kalapos, T., Mojzes, A., Kovács, E., and Kovács-Láng, E.  2005.  Ecophysiological responses to simulated climate change (drought or nocturnal warming) in a semiarid forest-steppe in Hungary.  In:  Abstracts XVII.International Botanical Congress, 17-23 July 2005. Vienna.  p.516.  

Kovács-Láng, E., Kröel-Dulay, G., Barabás, S., Garadnai, J., Kovács, E., Lhotsky,B.  2005.  Ecosystem responses in climate change experiment in the Pannonian sand forest-steppe. In:  Abstracts of the 48th IAVS Symposium, 24-29 July 2005. Lisbon, Portugal.  p. 103. 

Kovács-Láng, E., Lhotsky, B., Lellei-Kovács, E., Kröel-Dulay, Gy., Kalapos, T., Rajkai, K., Mojzes, A., Garadnai, J., and Barabás, S.  2006.  Precipitation, water availability and ecosystem functions in a sand forest-steppe. In:  Poster Abstracts of EPRECOT Workshop, 22-25 May 2006.  Helsingor, Denmark.  p. 15. 

Kröel-Dulay, G., Garadnai, J., Lhotsky, B., Rédei, T., and Kovács-Láng E.  2005.  Extreme drought, grass regeneration, and shift in species dominance in the Pannonian sand grassland.  In:  Abstracts of the 48th IAVS Symposium. 24-29 July 2005. Lisbon, Portugal. p. 104. 

Kull, Olevi, Mand, Pille, Hallik, Lea, Beier, Claus, Emmett, Bridget, Kovács-Láng, Edit, Penuelas, Josep, Scarascia-Mugnozza, Giuseppe, and Tietema Albert.  2006.  Reflection of experimental drought and warming at European shrublands.  Poster Abstracts of EPRECOT Workshop, 22-25 May, Helsingor, Denmark, p.29. 

McMurdo Dry Valleys LTER

Burkins MB, Virginia RA, Wall DH (2001) Organic carbon cycling in Taylor Valley, Antarctica: quantifying soil reservoirs and soil respiration Global Change Biology 7 (1), 113–125.

Mols (VULCAN) 

Peńuelas, J. and Filella, I.  2001.  Phenology:  responses to a warming world.  Science  294:793-795.

Llorens, L., Peńuelas, J. and Emmett, B.A.  2002.  Developmental instability and gas exchange responses of a heathland shrub to experimental drought and warming.  International Journal of Plant Science.  163:959–967.

Beier, C., Emmett, B., Gundersen, P., Tietema, A., Penuelas, J., Estiarte, M., Gordon, C., Gorissen, A., Llorens, L.,  Roda, F. and  Williams, D.  2004.  Novel approaches to study climate change effects on terrestrial ecosystems in the field - drought and passive night time warming.  Ecosystems  7:583-597. 

Peńuelas, J., Gordon, C., Llorens, L., Nielsen, T., Tietema, A., Beier, C., Bruna, P., Emmett, B.A., Estiarte, M. and Gorissen, A.  2004.  Non-intrusive field experiments show different plant responses to warming and drought among sites, seasons and species in a north-south European gradient.  Ecosystems  7:598-612. 

Gorissen, A., Tietema, A., Joosten, N.N., Estiarte, M., Peńuelas, J., Sowerby, A., Emmett, B.A. and Beier, C.  2004.  Climate change affects carbon allocation to the soil in shrublands.  Ecosystems  7:650-661.

Llorens, L., Peńuelas, J., Beier, C., Emmett, B.A., Estiarte, M. and Tietema, A.  2004.  Effects of an experimental increase of temperature and drought on the photosynthetic performance of two Ericaceous shrub species along a north-south European gradient.  Ecosystems  7:613-624. 

Wessel, W.W., Tietema, A., Beier, C., Emmett, B.A., Peńuelas, J. and Riis-Nielsen, T.  2004.  A qualitative ecosystem assessment for different shrublands in western Europe under impact of climate change using the results of the CLIMOOR research project.  Ecosystems  7:662-671. 

Schmidt, I.K., Tietema, A., Williams, D., Gundersen, P., Beier, C., Emmett, B.A. and Estiarte, M.  2004.  Soil solution chemistry and element fluxes in three European heathlands and their responses to warming and drought.  Ecosystems  7:638-649. 

Emmett, B.A., Beier, C., Estiarte, M., Tietema, A., Kristensen, H.L., Williams, D., Peńuelas, J., Schmidt, I.K. and Sowerby, A.  2004.  The response of soil processes to climate change:  results from manipulation studies across an environmental gradient.  Ecosystems  7:625-637. 

Jensen, K., Beier, C., Michelsen, A. and Emmett, B.A.  2003.  Effects of experimental drought on microbial processes in two temperate heathlands at contrasting water conditions.  Applications in Soil Ecology.  24: 165-176. 

Beier, C.  2004.  Interactions of elevated CO2 and temperature on terrestrial ecosystem structure and functioning – the role of whole-ecosystem manipulation experiments.  New Phytologist  162:243-245.

Beier, C., Schmidt, I.K. and Kristensen, H. L.  2004.  Effects of climate and ecosystem disturbances on biogeochemical cycling in a semi-natural terrestrial ecosystem.  Water, Air and Soil Pollution  4:191-206. 

Ny Alesand

Robinson CH, Wookey PA, Parsons AN,  Potter JA,  Callaghan TV,  Lee JA, Press MC,Welker, JM  (1995)  Responses of plant litter decomposition and nitrogen mineralization to simulated environmental change in a high arctic polar semi-desert and a subarctic dwarf shrub heath.  Oikos  74:503-512

Oldebroek

Beier, C., Schmidt, I.K. and Kristensen, H. L.  2004.  Effects of climate and ecosystem disturbances on biogeochemical cycling in a semi-natural terrestrial ecosystem.  Water, Air and Soil Pollution  4:191-206. 

Porto Conte Capo Caccia (VULCAN)

de Dato, G., Pellizzaro, G., Cesaraccio, C., Sirca, C., De Angelis, P., Duce, P., Spano, D., and Scarascia G. 2006.  Effects of warmer and drier climate conditions in plant composition and biomass production in a Mediterranean shrubland community.  Forest Ecology  3(4): 511-526. [online] URL: http://www.sisef.it/ 

Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory

Cross, M. and Harte, J.  2007.  Compensatory responses to loss of warming-sensitive plant species.  Ecology (in press). 

de Valpine, P. and Harte, J.  2001.  Effects of warming on a  montane meadow ecosystem:  how species responses comprise the ecosystem response.  Ecology  82(3): 637-648. 

Dunne, J., Harte, J., and Taylor, K.  2002.  Response of subalpine meadow plant reproductive phenology to manipulated climate change and natural climate variability.  Ecological Monographs  73(1):69-86. 

Dunne, J., Saleska, S., Fischer, M., and Harte, J.  2004.  Integrating experimental and gradient methods in ecological climate change research.  Ecology 85(4):904-916. 

Harte, J.  1998.  Ecological feedbacks to global warming: extending results from plot to landscape scale.  In: Elements of Change: Proceedings of the 1997 Aspen Global Change Institute Workshop on Scaling from Site-Specific Observations to Global Model Grids.  ISSN: 1083-9089, AGCI, Aspen, CO. 

Harte, J.  2001.  Global warming and terrestrial ecosystems: response from Harte.  BioScience  51(5):332-333. 

Harte, J.  2002.  Climate-ecosystem interactions in montane meadows.  IGBP Global Change NewsLetter 51:5-8.  

Harte, J., Rawa, A., and Price, V.  1996.  Effects of manipulated soil microclimate on mesofaunal biomass and diversity.  Soil Biology and Biochemistry  28(3):313-322. 

Harte, J., Saleska, S., and Shih, T.  2006.  Shifts in plant dominance control short and long  term carbon cycle responses to widespread drought.  Environmental Research Letters.  doi:10.1088/1748-9326/1/1/014001 2006.

Harte, J. and Shaw R.  1995.  Shifting dominance within a montane vegetation community:  results of a climate-warming experiment.  Science  267:876-880. 

Harte, J., Torn, M., Chang F.-R., Feifarek, B., Kinzig, A., Shaw, R., and Shen, K.  1995.  Global warming and soil microclimate: results from a meadow-warming experiment.  Ecological Applications  5:132-150.  

Lambrecht, S., Loik, M., Inouye, D., and Harte, J.  2007.  Reproductive and physiological responses to simulated climate warming for four subalpine species.  New Phytologist (in press). 

Loik, M. and Harte, J.  1996.  High temperature tolerance for Artemisia tridentata and Potentilla gracilis under a climate change manipulation.  Oecologia  108:224-231.

Loik, M. and Harte, J.  1997.  Changes in water relations for leaves exposed to a climate-warming manipulation in the Rocky Mountains of Colorado.  Environmental and Experimental Botany  37:115-123.

Loik, M., Redar, S., and Harte, J.  2000.  Photosynthetic responses to a climate-warming manipulation for contrasting meadow species in the Rocky Mountains, Colorado, USA.  Functional Ecology  14:166-175.  

Loik, M., Still, C.,  Huxman, T., and Harte, J.  2004.  In Situ photosynthetic freezing tolerance for plants exposed to a global warming manipulation in the rocky Mountains, Colorado, USA.  New Phytologist 162:331-341.   

Perfors, T., Harte, J., and Alter, S. 2001.  Enhanced carbon sequestration by sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata) in response to manipulated climate change.  Global Change Biology (submitted). 

Perfors, T., Harte, J., and Alter, S.  2003.  Enhanced growth of sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata) in response to manipulated ecosystem warming.  Global Change Biology  9: 736-742. 

Roy, B., Gusewell, S., and Harte, J.  2004.  Response of plant pathogens and herbivores to a warming experiment.  Ecology  85(9): 2570-2581.      

Saavedra, F., Inouye, D., Price M., and Harte, J.  2003.  Changes in flowering and abundance of Delphinium nuttalianum (Ranunculaceae) in response to a subalpine climate warming experiment.  Global Change Biology  9:885-894. 

Saleska, S., Harte, J., and Torn, M.  1999.  The effect of experimental ecosystem warming on new CO2 fluxes in a montane meadow: measurement methods and initial results.  Global Change Biology  5:125-141. 

Saleska, S. Shaw, M., Fischer, M., Dunne, J., Holman, M., Still, C., and Harte, J.  2001.  Plant community composition mediates both large transient decline and predicted long-term recovery of soil carbon under climate warming.  Global Biogeochemical Cycles (in review).

Saleska, S., Shaw, M. Fischer, M., Dunne, J., Shaw, M. Holman, M., Still, C., and Harte, J.  2002.  Carbon-cycle feedbacks to climate change in montane meadows:  results from a warming experiment and a natural climate gradient.  Global Biogeochemical Cycles  16(4):1055;  doi:10.1029/2001GB001573.

Shaver, G., Canadell, J., Chapin, F., Gurevitch, J. Harte, J., Henry, G., Ineson, P., Jonasson, S. Melillo, J., Pitelka, L., and  Rustad, L.  2000.  Global warming and terrestrial ecosystems: a conceptual framework for analysis.  BioScience  50(10): 871-882.  

Shaw, M. and Harte, J.  2001a.  Nitrogen cycling in a subalpine ecotone exposed to simulated climate change:  differential responses of two soil microclimates.  Global Change Biology  7:193-210. 

Shaw, M., and  Harte, J.  2001b.  Control of litter decomposition under simulated climate change in a subalpine meadow:  the role of plant species and microclimate.  Ecological Applications  11(4):1206-1223. 

Shaw, M., Loik, M. and Harte, J.  2000.  Gas exchange and water relations of two Rocky Mountain shrub species exposed to a climate change manipulation.  Plant Ecology  146:197-206. 

Shen, K. and Harte, J.  2000.  Methods for Ecosystem Climate Manipulations. In: Sala, O. and Mooney, H. (eds.) Methods for Ecosystem Research. 

Torn, M. and Harte, J.  1995.  Methane consumption by montane soils:  responses to soil drying and implications for  feedbacks with climate change.  Biogeochemistry  32:53-67. 

Torn, M. and Harte, J.  2006.  Missing feedbacks, asymmetric uncertainties, and the underestimation of future warming.  Geophysical Research Letters  33:L10703, doi:10.1029/2005GL025540.

Shortgrass Steppe 

Alward RD, Detling JK, Milchunas DG (1999) Grassland vegetation changes and global nocturnal warming. Science 283:229-231Alward RD, Detling JK, Milchunas DG (1999) Grassland vegetation changes and global nocturnal warming. Science 283:229-231

US Arid-Land Agricultural Research

Kimball, B.A. 2005. Theory and performance of an infrared heater for ecosystem warming. Global Change Biology 11:2041-2056.

Wytham

Thompson K, Masters GJ, Grime JP, Brown VK, Hillier SH, Clarke IP, Askew AP, Corker D, Kielty JP  (2000)  Predicting the response of limestone grassland to climate change.  Aspects of Applied Biology 58: 329-336