Precipitation Manipulation Experiments
Contact: Sune Linder
Email: sune.linder@emc.slu.se
Site Location: Sweden
Latitude: 57.13 decimal degrees
Longitude: 14.75 decimal degrees
Mean Annual Temperature: 5.9 degrees Celcius
Mean Annual Precipitation: 700 mm
Biome: Norway spruce plantation
Experimental Manipulation: Irrigation/fertilization: to determine the production ceiling of Norway spruce under given climatic conditions, when water and nutrients are supplied as needed
Technology:
Start Date: 1988
End Date: Ongoing
Key Research Questions:
Key Findings:
Web Site:
Contact: David Tissue
Email: david.tissue@ttu.edu
Site Location: Big Bend National Park, Texas, USA
Latitude: 29 decimal degrees
Longitude: -103.10 decimal degrees
Mean Annual Temperature:
Mean Annual Precipitation: 370 mm
Biome: Desert
Experimental Manipulation:
Technology: Additions
Start Date: 2002
End Date: Ongoing
Key Research Questions:
Key Findings:
Web Site:
Contact: Bruce Hungate
Email: bruce.hungate@nau.edu
Site Location: Flagstaff, Arizona, USA
Latitude: 35.25 decimal degrees
Longitude: -111.66 decimal degrees
Mean Annual Temperature:
Mean Annual Precipitation:
Biome:
Experimental Manipulation:
Technology: Rain shifting
Start Date:
End Date:
Key Research Questions:
Key Findings:
Web Site:
Contact: Whendee Silver
Email: wsilver@nature.berkeley.edu
Site Location: Berkeley, California, USA
Latitude: 38.80 decimal degrees
Longitude: -122.25 decimal degrees
Mean Annual Temperature:
Mean Annual Precipitation:
Biome:
Experimental Manipulation: shelters
Technology: Shelters
Start Date:
End Date:
Key Research Questions:
Key Findings:
Web Site:
Contact: Bridget Emmett
Email: bae@ceh.ac.uk
Site Location: Bangor, Wales, UK
Latitude: 53.05 decimal degrees
Longitude: -3.47 decimal degrees
Mean Annual Temperature: 8.2 degrees Celsius
Mean Annual Precipitation: 1741 mm
Biome: Heath ecosystem on organic soil
Experimental Manipulation: +1 oC, 6-8 week summer drought
Technology:
Passive night time warming. Water:
Automatic Rain out shelter
Start Date: 1998
End Date: Ongoing
Key
Research Questions: Effects
on species, community and ecosystem function (plants, fauna, soil, microbes)
(including GHG gas exchange and carbon storage)
Key Findings: Repeated drought affects carbon storage, elevated temp. change species composition
Web Site: www.vulcanproject.com
Contact: Egbert Matzner
Email: egbert.matzner@uni-bayreuth.de
Site Location: Fichtelgebirge, Germany
Latitude: 50.13 decimal degrees
Longitude: -11.87 decimal degrees
Mean Annual Temperature: 5.3 degrees Celsius
Mean Annual Precipitation: 1100 mm
Biome: Temperate Forest
Experimental Manipulation: Snow removal: frost/rewetting effects, throughfall removal, drought and rewetting effects
Technology: roof and sprinklers
Start Date: 2007
End Date: 2012
Key Research Questions: C and N cycle and effects of drought/rewetting and freeze/thaw on soil processes
Key Findings: Drought and frost reduce soil respiration. Rewetting and thawing pulses does not compensate for the sequestration in the drought/frost phase. Drought and frost increase the nitrate concentrations in soil solutions for a period of about 6 months. N2O and NO emissions increase under frost conditions but decrease under drought conditions.
Web Site:
www.bayceer.uni-bayreuth.de/fg_bp/
Contact: Josep Penuelas
Email: josep.penuelas@uab.cat
Site Location: Garraf Natural Park, Spain
Latitude: 41.3 decimal degrees
Longitude: 1.82 decimal degrees
Mean Annual Temperature: 15.25 degrees Celsius
Mean Annual Precipitation: 592 mm
Biome: Mediterranean shrubland
Experimental
Manipulation: +1 oC, 6-8 week
winter/spring drought each year (3 replicates)
Technology:
Temp: Passive night time warming. Water:
Automatic Rain out shelter
Start Date: February 1999
End Date: Ongoing
Key
Research Questions: Effects
on species, community and ecosystem function (plants, fauna, soil, microbes)
(including GHG gas exchange and carbon storage)
Key
Findings: Elevated
temperature change species composition and seedling establishment.
Web Site: www.vulcanproject.com
Contact: Yosef Steinberger
Email: steinby@mail.biu.ac.il
Site Location: Ramat Gan, Israel
Latitude:
Longitude:
Mean Annual Temperature: 19.1, 18.4, 17.7, 18.1 degrees Celsius
Mean Annual Precipitation: 90 mm, 300 mm, 540 mm, 780 mm
Biome: 1. Arid; 2. Semiarid; 3. Mediterranean; 4. Mesic Mediterranean
Experimental Manipulation:
Technology:
Start Date:
End Date:
Key Research Questions:
Key Findings:
Web Site:
Publications:
Contact: Eric Davidson
Email: edavidson@whrc.org
Site Location: Petersham, Massachusetts, USA
Latitude: 42.50 decimal degrees
Longitude: -72.17 decimal degrees
Mean Annual Temperature:
Mean Annual Precipitation:
Biome:
Experimental Manipulation:
Technology: Shelters
Start Date:
End Date:
Key Research Questions:
Key Findings:
Web Site:
Contact: Peter Groffman and Pam Templer
Email: groffmanP@ecostudies.org, ptempler@bu.edu
Site Location: New Hampshire, USA
Latitude: 43.82 decimal degrees
Longitude: -71.88 decimal degrees
Mean Annual Temperature: 5.5 degrees Celsius
Mean Annual Precipitation: 1400 mm
Biome: Northern hardwood forest
Experimental Manipulation: Snow removal
Application frequency: 3 times per year
Technology: Shoveling
Start Date: 1997
End Date: Ongoing
Key Research Questions: How do changes in snow depth affect soil freezing, nutrient cycling, loss processes and forest productivity.
Key Findings: Snow removal resulted in soil freezing and marked increases in nitrogen, phosphorus and base cation leaching. The major mechanism underlying this effect appeared to be a reduction in plant uptake.
Web Site:
Jomada
Contact: Osvaldo Sala
Email: Osvaldo_Sala@Brown.edu
Site Location: Argentina
Latitude: -45.68 decimal degrees
Longitude: 70.27 decimal degrees
Mean Annual Temperature:
Mean Annual Precipitation:
Biome:
Experimental Manipulation:
Technology: Shelter
Start Date:
End Date:
Key Research Questions:
Key Findings:
Web Site:
Contact: Edit Kovács-Láng
Email: lange@botanika.hu
Site Location: Kecskemét, Hungary
Latitude: 46.88 decimal degrees
Longitude: 19.38 decimal degrees
Mean Annual Temperature: 10.4 degrees Celsius
Mean Annual Precipitation: 504.8 mm
Biome: Sand forest steppe
Experimental Manipulation: Passive nighttime warming, temporary rain exclusion
Technology: Shelters
Start Date: 2002
End Date: Ongoing
Key
Research Questions: Changes in
biodiversity, ecosystem structure and
Key
Findings: The components react
differently to treatments, Natural weather
Web Site: www.obki.hu
Contact: Per Gundersen
Email: PGU@FSL.DK
Site Location: West Jutland, Denmark
Latitude: 56.48 decimal degrees
Longitude: 8.40 decimal degrees
Mean Annual Temperature:
Mean Annual Precipitation:
Biome:
Experimental Manipulation:
Technology: Roof
Start Date:
End Date:
Key Research Questions:
Key Findings:
Web Site:
Contact: Alan Knapp
Email: aknapp@lamar.colostate.edu
Site Location: Konza Prairie, Kansas, USA
Latitude: 39.05 decimal degrees
Longitude: -96.35 decimal degrees
Mean Annual Temperature: 12.9 degrees Celsius
Mean Annual Precipitation: 859 mm
Biome: Tall grass prairie
Experimental Manipulation:
Technology: Shelter and additions
Start Date:
End Date:
Key Research Questions:
Key Findings:
Web Site:
Contact: Franco Miglietta
Email: f.miglietta@ibimet.cnr.it
Site Location: Caceres, Spain
Latitude: 39.93 decimal degrees
Longitude: 5.78 decimal degrees
Mean Annual Temperature:
Mean Annual Precipitation: 258 mm
Biome: Holm oak woodland
Experimental Manipulation:
Technology: Plot scale exclusions and additions
Start Date:
End Date:
Key Research Questions:
Key Findings:
Web Site:
Las Majadas del Tietar Publications
Mojave Global Change Experiment
Contact: Stan Smith
Email: ssmith@ccmail.nevada.edu
Site Location: Mercury, Nevada, USA
Latitude: 36.70 decimal degrees
Longitude: -115.90 decimal degrees
Mean Annual Temperature:
Mean Annual Precipitation:
Biome:
Experimental Manipulation:
Technology: Additions
Start Date:
End Date:
Key Research Questions:
Key Findings:
Web Site:
Mojave Global Change Publications
Contact: Claus Beier
Email: claus.beier@risoe.dk
Site Location: Ebeltoft, Denmark
Latitude: 56.38 decimal degrees
Longitude: 10.95 decimal degrees
Mean Annual Temperature: 9 degrees Celsius
Mean Annual Precipitation: 644 mm
Biome: Heath/grass ecosystem on sandy soil
Experimental
Manipulation: +1 oC,
6-8 week summer drought each year (3 replicates)
Technology:
Passive night time
warming. Water: Automatic Rain out shelter
Start Date: 1998
End Date: 2004
Key Research Questions: Effects on species, community and ecosystem function (plants, fauna, soil, microbes) (including GHG gas exchange and carbon storage)
Key Findings: Drought affects soil structure, Warming affects species composition and growth, Warming interacts with disturbances to cause increased leaching of N
Web Site: www.vulcanproject.com
Contact: Yiqi Luo
Email: yluo@ou.edu
Site Location: Norman, Oklahoma, USA
Latitude: 35.25 decimal degrees
Longitude: -97.50 decimal degrees
Mean Annual Temperature: 16.3 degrees Celsius
Mean Annual Precipitation: 914 mm
Biome: Tall grass prairie
Experimental Manipulation: Experiment I. warming (infrared radiation heaters) x clipping
Experiment II: warming (infrared radiation heaters) x precipitation (doubled using rain-collection-redistribution device)
Technology: Shelter and additions
Start Date: Warming x precipitation - February 2002
End Date: Warming x precipitation - February 2005
Key Research Questions:
Key Findings:
Web Site: http://bomi.ou.edu/luo
Publications: Go to the web site above
Contact: Albert Tietema
Email: a.tietema@science.uva.nl
Site Location: Zwolle, Netherlands
Latitude: 52.4 decimal degrees
Longitude: 5.92 decimal degrees
Mean Annual Temperature: 10.1 degrees Celsius
Mean Annual Precipitation: 940 mm
Biome: Shrub ecosystem
Experimental Manipulation: +1 oC, 6-8 week winter/spring drought each year (3 replicates)
Technology:
Passive
night time warming. Water: Automatic Rain out shelter
Start Date: May 1997
End Date: Ongoing
Key
Research Questions: Effects
on species, community and ecosystem function (plants, fauna, soil, microbes)
(including GHG gas exchange and carbon storage)
Key
Findings: Elevated
temp. change species composition and N leaching. Repeated drought affects soil
structure.
Web Site:
Porto Conte Capo Caccia (VULCAN)
Contact: Paolo De Angelis
Email: pda@unitus.it
Site Location: Northwest Sardinia, Italy
Latitude: 40.62 decimal degrees
Longitude: 8.17 decimal degrees
Mean Annual Temperature: 6.8 degrees Celsius
Mean Annual Precipitation: 640 mm
Biome: Mediterranean shrubland
Experimental
Manipulation: Nighttime
warming (+0.5 °C on daily minimum; extended drought period (reduction of
rainfall from 6% to 46% of annual)
Technology: Aluminum and plastic roofs, automatically controlled
Start Date: July 2001
End Date: 2007
Key Research Questions: Impacts on growth, on species composition and on soil CO2 effluxes, of increasing temperatures and drought; environmental controls of soil respiration in semi-arid climate; interaction of climate changes and nitrogen cycle.
Key
Findings: The
Mediterranean shrubland ecosystems are relatively insensitive to moderate
temperature increase. Because the natural occurring drought is the main limiting
factor, any changes on rainfall pattern could strongly affect these ecosystems.
The response of soil respiration
to climate changes is strictly related to the impact on plant growth and
productivity.
Web Site: www.vulcanproject.com
Porto Conte Capo Caccia Publications
Contact: Josep Penuelas
Email: josep.penuelas@uab.cat
Site Location: Barcelona, Spain
Latitude: 41.22 decimal degrees
Longitude: 1.03 decimal degrees
Mean Annual Temperature: 12.19 degrees Celsius
Mean Annual Precipitation: 652 mm
Biome: Mediterranean Forest
Experimental
Manipulation: Partial rainfall and runoff exclusion.
In
the study site, eight 15 x 10 m plots were delimited at the same altitude along
the slope since 1999. Four of them (randomly selected) received the drought
treatment consisting of partial rain exclusion by suspending PVC strips at a
height of 0.5-0.8 m above the soil (covering 30% of soil surface), and the
excavation of a 0.8 m deep ditch at the upper part of the plots to intercept
runoff water supply. Water intercepted by strips and ditches was conducted
outside the plots, below the bottom edge of the plots. The other four plots did
not receive any treatment and were considered control plots.
An
automatic meteorological station installed between the plots monitored
temperature, photosynthetic active radiation, air humidity, and precipitation.
Soil moisture was measured each month throughout the experiment by time domain
reflectometry (Tektronix 1502C, Beaverton, Oregon, USA) connecting the time
domain reflectometer to the ends of three stainless steel cylindrical rods, 25
cm long, fully driven into the soil (Zegelin et al., 1989). Four sites
per plot were randomly selected to install the steel cylindrical rods for soil
moisture measurements.
Technology: Plastic strips
Start Date: February 1999
End Date: Ongoing
Key
Research Questions: Drought
effects induced by climate change in Mediterranean forest. Effects in
photosynthesis, water relations, leaf morphology and longevity, reproductive
phenology, biomass increment, carbon cycle, nutrients cycle, VOCs emission ...
Key Findings:
Web Site: www.creaf.uab.cat/ecophysiology
Contact: Franco Miglietta
Email: f.miglietta@ibimet.cnr.it
Site Location: France
Latitude: 43.44 decimal degrees
Longitude: 3.58 decimal degrees
Mean Annual Temperature: 13.50 degrees Celsius
Mean Annual Precipitation: 883 mm
Biome: Oak woodland
Experimental Manipulation: TDE, control, +30%, -30%
Technology:
Start Date:
End Date:
Key Research Questions:
Key Findings:
Web Site:
Contact: Travis Huxman
Email: huxman@email.arizona.edu
Site Location: Green Valley, Arizona, USA
Latitude: 31.85 decimal degrees
Longitude: -111 decimal degrees
Mean Annual Temperature:
Mean Annual Precipitation:
Biome:
Experimental Manipulation:
Technology: Shelters and additions
Start Date:
End Date:
Key Research Questions:
Key Findings:
Web Site:
Sierra Foothills Research and Extension Center
Contact: Whendee Silver
Email: wsilver@nature.berkeley.edu
Site Location: Browns Valley, California, USA
Latitude: 39.25 decimal degrees
Longitude: -121.28 decimal degrees
Mean Annual Temperature: 16 degrees Celsius
Mean Annual Precipitation: 750 mm
Biome: Mediterranean Oak-Savanna and Annual Grassland
Experimental Manipulation: Rainfall additions; changes in rainfall seasonality
Technology: Sprinklers
Start Date: Spring 2003
End Date: Ongoing
Key
Research Questions: What
are the effects of precipitation change on biogeochemical cycling and plant
community characteristics in an annual grassland ecosystem.
Key
Findings: Soil
respiration increased more with late spring rain (warm temps) than abundant
winter rain. Carbon losses from soil respiration outweighed plant C gains in the
year with the extended rainy season (WY 2004-2005); Carbon in = Carbon out
(steady-state) for WY 2003 and WY 2005. Productivity increased with rainfall
(including manipulations).
Web Site:
Sierra Nevada Snow Climate Experiment
Contact: Micheal Loik
Email: mloik@ucsc.edu
Site Location: Mammoth Lakes, California, USA
Latitude: 37.50 decimal degrees
Longitude: -118.95 decimal degrees
Mean Annual Temperature: 6 degrees Celsius
Mean Annual Precipitation: 365 mm, >80% as snow
Biome:
Ecotone
of Great Basin Desert shrubland and
Experimental
Manipulation: Long-term
snow fences to
Technology:
Weather
stations, soil moisture and
Start Date: 2003
End Date: Ongoing
Key
Research Questions: (1)
How do changes in snow depth
Key
Findings: (1)
All responses are critically controlled
Web Site:
Publications:
Contact: Norbert Lamersdorf
Email: nlamers@gwdg.de
Site Location: Solling, Germany
Latitude: 51.52 decimal degrees
Longitude: 9.76 decimal degrees
Mean Annual Temperature:
Mean Annual Precipitation:
Biome:
Experimental Manipulation:
Technology: Shelters
Start Date:
End Date:
Key Research Questions:
Key Findings:
Web Site:
Contact: Franco Miglietta
Email: f.miglietta@ibimet.cnr.it
Site Location: Italy
Latitude: 42.13 decimal degrees
Longitude: 11.97 decimal degrees
Mean Annual Temperature:
Mean Annual Precipitation: 600 mm
Biome:
Experimental Manipulation: TDE, control, +30%, -30%
Technology:
Start Date:
End Date:
Key Research Questions:
Key Findings:
Web Site:
Throughfall Displacement Experiment (TDE)
Contact: Paul J. Hanson
Email: hansonpj@ornl.gov
Site Location: Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA
Latitude: 35.97 decimal degrees
Longitude: -84.27 decimal degrees
Mean Annual Temperature: 14.3 degrees Celsius
Mean Annual Precipitation: 1346 mm
Biome: Eastern Deciduous Forest
Experimental Manipulation: Ambient, +33%, and -33%
Technology:
Understory throughfall interception
troughs, collection gutters
Start Date: 1993
End Date: 2005
Key Research Questions:
The
goal and general hypotheses are outlined in the attached pdf on page 10
including:
·
Impacts on tree and sapling
physiology (photosynthesis, respiration, stomatal conductance,…)
·
Impacts on growth (trees,
saplings, seedlings, canopy production, fine roots)
·
Impacts on tree water use
·
Impacts on NPP and NEP
·
Impacts on soil respiration
·
Impacts on coarse wood
decomposition
·
Impacts on biogeochemical cycling
·
Impacts on biodiversity
·
Major goal – understanding of
short- vs. long-term mechanisms for the informed use within forest and ecosystem
models.
Key Findings: http://per.ornl.gov/HansonTDE.html
Web Site: http://tde.ornl.gov
Publications: http://tde.ornl.gov/tdepubs.html